Background: Mental health is a predictor of life expectancy and one of the indicators life's progress. Aims: The present was carried out in order to investigate the mediating role of Ego Strength between Ego development and mental health. Method: current study is an inferential research. To this end, a sample of 112 students who lives in dormitories of Tehran university (55 girls and 57 boys) were selected through multistage cluster sampling. They were asked to complete 3 tests including: Washington University Sentence Completion Test (WuscT, 1981) to measure Ego development, Self-Reporting Questionnaire (SRQ20) to measure mental health, the Strength Questionnaire (ESS, Besharat, 2007). Results: The use of path analysis in Amos application investigating the mentioned mediation, demonstrated That Ego Strength has a statistically significant mediating effect on Ego development and mental health. (Affects the intensity and direction of their relationship). Conclusions: Also, there was a positive significant correlation between Ego Strength and mental health, while, there was no significant correlation between Ego development and mental health. The higher the level of Ego development and Ego Strength of a person is, the higher his/her mental health would be.

Ego Strength refers to a set of Ego functions as one of the personality structures. Normal development process requires Ego abilities in coping with id, superEgo and environmental demands and conflicts. Having a valid instrument is needed to measure these abilities. The aim of the present study was to develop and examine psychometric properties of the Ego Strength Scale (ESS) including construct validity, convergent and discriminant validity, internal consistency, and test-retest reliability. Three hundred and twelve Iranian men and women (174 women, 138 men) participated in this study, voluntarily. All participants were asked to complete the ESS, the Mental Health Inventory (MHI-28), Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale (DERS), and Positive and Negative Affect (PANAS). The design of the present study was developmental-practical. Analysis of the data involved exploratory factor analysis for construct validity, Cronbach’ s alpha coefficients for internal consistency, and test-retest for reliability. The results of exploratory factor analysis supported a five factor structure including Ego-control, Ego-resiliency, Mature Defense Mechanisms, Problem-focused Coping Strategies and Positive Emotional-focused Coping Strategies. The convergent and discriminant validity of the ESS were supported by an expected pattern of correlations between the scale and the measures of psychological well-being, psychological distress, difficulties in emotion regulation, and positive and negative affects. All correlation coefficients between the mean scores on the ESS and scores of the psychological well-being, psychological distress, difficulties in emotion regulation, and positive and negative affects were statistically significant. Coefficient alpha estimates of internal reliability were between 0. 79 and 0. 85 for the ESS subscales. Test-retest reliability of the ESS was also calculated at the range of 0. 65-0. 73 (p < 0. 001). All correlations were statistically significant. It was concluded that the ESS can be considered as a reliable and valid scale to measure Ego Strength in Iranian samples.

Introduction: Given the significant impact of the early developmental period on the formation of Ego Strength, this study aimed to investigate the predictive role of attachment styles in relation to Ego Strength and its subscales, including hope, will, purpose, competence, fidelity, love, care, and wisdom. Method: This research employs a descriptive correlation methodology. The participants included 250 students from Tehran University and Shahed University who were selected using the convenience sampling method. The Collins and Reid Attachment Style Questionnaires and Markstrom's Ego Strength Questionnaire were used to collect data. Data were analyzed using the Pearson correlation coefficient and multiple regression analysis. Result: The correlation results indicate a significant relationship between attachment styles and Ego Strength. Furthermore, the multiple regression analysis reveals that this model can predict 33. 3% of the variance in Ego Strength. The prediction results for the subscales and percentage of change variance are as follows: Hope: 7. 30, Will: 9. 23, Purpose: 31, Competence: 3. 25, Fidelity: 9. 13, Love: 3, Care: 9, Wisdom: 5. 26. Discussion and Conclusion: The results indicate that the secure attachment style positively predicts Ego Strength and its subscales, while the avoidant and anxious attachment styles negatively predict Ego Strength and its subscales. These findings demonstrate the significance of secure attachment in predicting Ego Strength.

Background: Mindfulness which comes from eastern traditions, especially Buddhism, is defined by conscious attention to current moment and internal/external personal experiences. Researches showed that mindfulness has relationships with the attachment styles but does Ego Strength can mediate the relationship between attachment styles and mindfulness? Aims: The present study was performed to examine the mediating role of Ego Strength on the relationship between attachment styles and mindfulness in the University of Tehran and Medical University of Tehran students. Method: current study is a descriptive-correlational research Two hundred and sixty eight students (231 make, 36 female) participated in the study. All the students were asked to complete the Adult Attachment Inventory (Besharat, 1392), Ego Strength Scale (Besharat, 1395) and Mindfulness Awareness Attention Scale (Ghasemipour and Ghorbani, 2008). Results: Analysis of data involves descriptive and inferential statistics including frequency, percentage, mean standard deviation, Pearson’ s correlation coefficient and path analysis. The results demonstrated that secure attachment had a significant positive association with mindfulness (r=0/50؛ p<0/01), insecure attachment (avoidance/ambivalence) had a significant negative association with mindfulness )r=-0/28 و r=0/43؛ p<0/01 ( and Ego Strength had a significant positive association with mindfulness (r=0/34؛ p<0/01). Secure attachment had a significant positive association with Ego Strength (r=0/24؛ p<0/01). Insecure attachment had negative correlation with Ego Strength (r=-0/34؛ p<0/01). Conclusions: The mediating role of Ego Strength on the relationship between attachment styles and mindfulness had been confirmed. Based on the results the higher attachment style score, the higher mindfulness and Ego Strength scores. And with higher Ego Strength score, mindfulness was higher too. According to the results of the present study, there is not a linear association on the relationship between attachment and mindfulness. Ego Strength plays a mediating role on the relationship between them.

Introduction: Due to the increasing collapse of the family system, researchers have focused on identifying the factors affecting the couple's adjustment that lead to family longevity. The aim of this study was to design and test a model of Ego-Strength relationship and marital compatibility through mediation of Ego-centrism and self-differentiation among couples in Shiraz city. Materials and Method: In this descriptive-analytical an study, statistical population included couples of Shiraz city, which 250 of them (125 females, 125 males) that were selected using available sampling method and completed Ego-Strength(1975) and Ego-centrism( 2011)and self-differentiation (2011) and Marital compatibility(1989) questionnaires. The data of the present study were performed using SPSS and AMOS software using structural equation method. Results: The results showed Ego-Strength can affect positively marital adjustment both directly and indirectly through mediation of self-differentiation and Ego-centrism. Conclusion: This model can play an important role in reducing marital conflicts due to its focus on individual factors in marital adjustment, so that 40% of marital adjustment can be explained by the variables in this model. Extended bstract Introduction One of the most important events in life is marriage. Marriage in today's society is mostly for reasons of love, affection, having a partner and meeting emotional and psychological expectations (1). One of the most important factors associated with adaptation and maturity is Ego-development (14, 13). Ego-development is very important to become an adult and to be able to function effectively in the family in adulthood (15). Ego-centrism is one of the most important concepts in the field of social relations. (22) Believes that Ego-development is associated with a decrease in Ego-centrism and an increase in self-differentiation, and one moves from dependence to independence from others. Perfect perfection moves,Thus, a person's personality goes from an incoherent organization that cannot distinguish between himself and others and is more self-centered to a cohesive organization that increases the distinction between self and others and decreases self-centeredness. Finally, the person succeeds in their relationships and the necessary social skills of adulthood, which is one of the most important relationships in this period of marital relationships. Another concept related to marital relationships. It is self-differentiation (32). Self-differentiation individuals feel free to experience deep emotions and have the ability to regulate their emotions. Self-differentiation improves social adjustment and improves social relationships, and the relationship between individuals, spouses, family functioning, and marital adjustment is related to the degree of differentiation (34, 35). Given the importance and fundamental role of couple adjustment in maintaining the psycho-social balance of the family and ultimately society, and given the many problems and issues that couples face, the need for planning is felt to solve the problems facing them. Therefore, based on what has been said, the purpose of this study is to design and test a model of Ego-Strength relationship and marital compatibility through mediation of Ego-centrism and self-differentiation among couples in Shiraz. Methods The method of this research is descriptive-correlational in which the relationship between variables is investigated through structural equation modeling (SEM). The statistical population was all couple in Shiraz who were selected by convenience sampling method. The number of sample people was selected based on view (38). He suggests that the number of participants in the research to test the structural equation model is 2. 5 to 7 times the number of items. Therefore, 250 participants (125 females and 125 males) were selected in the present study. SPSS and AMOS software were used to investigate the relationships between Pearson correlation coefficient variables and structural equation model. Findings In the present research model, marital compatibility was considered as an exogenous variable, Ego-centrism variables between Ego-Strength and self-differentiation were considered as mediating variables, and Ego-Strength was considered as an endogenous variable. Self-differentiation (R = 0. 53) and Ego-Strength (r = 0. 46), new imaginary (r =-0. 64), personal fable(r = 0. 35) have a significant correlation. To test the structural modeling assumptions, the results of initial data screening (review of missing data and review of outliers) are first examined. Then, the underlying assumptions of structural equation modeling (normality, linearity and linear alignment) are investigated. The values GFI, IFI, CFI for all three were 0. 99, which indicates a good fit of the model of this research. Shows the path coefficients. The results showed that 40% of the variance of marital compatibility is explained by the preceding variables GFI, IFI, CFI were 0. 84, 0. 88 and / 88, respectively, indicating poor fit of the original model. Which was accepted by correlating the error variances of the modified model. The amount of direct effects of variables in the modified model shows that it is significant at the level of 0. 001. The results showed that self-Strength through self-centrism and self-differentiation affect marital compatibility. In other words, for an increase score in elf-Strength of 0. 42 units is added to marital compatibility, and this amount is in addition to the direct effect of self-Strength on marital compatibility. Also, the indirect effect of Strength on marital compatibility through self-differentiation was 0. 29 and self-Strength on marital compatibility through self-centrism was 0. 35. Thus, it shows that the role of the self-centrism as a mediating variable of marital compatibility is more than self-differentiation. Discussion The purpose of this study was to model the relationship between self-Strength and marital compatibility through its mediation between self-centrism and self-differentiation. Showed that the proposed model had a good fit and predictor and mediator variables have a significant direct and indirect effect on marital compatibility. Findings show that people who are self-centered because they consider themselves the center of everything and this makes them unable to consider other people's views and face many problems in interpersonal relationships. So when there is an Ego-strong in a person, it causes the self-centrism in the person to decrease and people can consider the opinions and desires of others, so they can adapt their different relationships, including marital relationships. The results showed that self-Strength has a significant direct positive effect on self-differentiation. Therefore, it can be said that the Ego-stronger a person is, the easier it is for a person to be able to be independent of others, and the independent self also plays an important role in marital compatibility. Therefore, the result of this research is in line with the research of (32) and (35). To explain these results, it can be argued that a man and a woman who have a low level of self-differentiation have a limited capacity for intimacy and oneness when they get married due to less emotional maturity. But strong self-differentiation causes them to have a more flexible role and a more intimate relationship, and to accept each other's differences negatively and experience less emotional reaction (42). Conclusion The findings showed that self-Strength is indirectly and meaningfully related to marital compatibility through self-centrism and self-differentiation, so it can be considered that the designed model was modified and accepted with a few changes and in the sum of the variables of the previous variable, i. e. self-Strength, can explain 40% of the variance of marital adjustment. Therefore, it is suggested that this model, considering that it attaches great importance to internal and personality-related variables and discusses the role of these factors more, can be independent of other environmental issues and only by emphasizing the enrichment of individual factors. Have a significant role in predicting marital compatibility. Because in many cases it is impossible to change environmental factors, especially in married life, so focusing on individual factors can be more important and significant in the current conditions of society. Therefore, this model can be a good guide for family therapists and Couple therapist in treatment and prevention. Ethical Considerations Compliance with ethical guidelines All subjects answered the questionnaires with complete satisfaction Funding No funding. Authors' contributions Design and conceptualization: Akram Malekzadeh and Alireza Agha Yusufi Methodology and data analysis: Akram Malekzadeh and Alireza Agha Yusufi Supervision and final writing: Akram Malekzadeh Conflicts of interest The authors declared no conflict of interest.

In order to understand chronic pain in multiple sclerosis (M.S) patients, the biopsychosocial models have been introduced. In these models environmental and psychological factors are considered as an important aspect with the pain adjustment. But until now, these models have not been studied in M.S patient. The present research aims to evaluate correlation between two psychological variables (Ego Strength) and pain intensity. Therefore, 237 M.S patients were selected by convenience sampling from Isfahan M.S association. Ego Strength questionnaire and Multidimensional Pain Inventory administered. The data was analyzed by correlation, regression analysis and MANOVA analysis. The results revealed that there was a positive correlation among Ego Strength and pain intensity and these factors can anticipate pain intensity also the result of manova indicated that there are significant differences between Ego Strength and pain intensity in 4 type of disease. The present study has provided empirical evidences for biopsychosocial models and indicated that the psychological factors effect on pain intensity experience.

Background and Aim: The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between Ego Strength and metacognition among students at the Ferdowsi University of Mashhad.Methods: This correlational study was conducted among Ferdowsi university students in Mashhad in the year 1394. The samples consisted of 69 male and female students who studied in convenience method. The measurement tools were Metacognitive questioner and Ego Strength questioner. For data analysis, descriptive and inferential statistics were used, including mean /standard deviation and Pearson correlation respectively. This research was analyzed using SPSS 23.Results: There is a significant positive relationship between Ego Strength and metacognition of Ferdowsi University students (P=0/001). It means that the more Ego power has a direct correlation with the more metacognition and vice versa.Conclusions: Considering the fact that there is a strong positive relationship between Ego Strength and metacognition, and also Ego capabilities is wider than metacognition. It seems that metacognition can be a component of Ego Strength. In addition, the role of metacognition is generally accepted for teaching and learning researchers in academic achievements although Ego capability is also effective in learning and teaching.